Self-confident Connections With people

The raw score analyses revealed a main effect of cultural context for positive relations with others (F_{(step one, 2799)} = , p< .001, ? 2 =.02) in which U.S. adults rated their interpersonal well-being significantly higher than Japanese adults. In addition, there was a main effect of gender (F_{(step 1, 2799) = 4.69, p< .05, ? 2 <.01) in which women rated their interpersonal well-being higher than men.}

However, for this measure, ipsatized analyses revealed different results. Specifically, a main effect of cultural context (F_{(step 1, 2794)} = , p< .001, ? 2 =.01) showed that Japanese adults had significantly higher scores that U.S. adults. Thus, although the raw score analyses showed higher scores among U.S. respondents, the ipsative scores, which examine how this aspect of well-being compares with overall well-being, were, as predicted, higher among Japanese adults. A main effect of gender (F_{(step one, 2797) = 7.69, p< .01, ? 2 <.01) paralleled the above findings by showing that women rated their interpersonal well-being significantly higher, relative to their overall well-being, than men. The ipsatized analyses also showed a cultural context by age interaction (F(3, 2797) = 3.80, p< .01, ? 2 <.01). As illustrated in Figure 3 , Japanese adults rated their interpersonal well-being as significantly higher, relative to their overall well-being, than did U.S. adults, but primarily in the earlier decades of adulthood. The two later ; indeed, nearly identical scores for the oldest age group. It is worth noting that this age-related convergence follows both from the age decrements in relative ratings of interpersonal well-being among aging Japanese adults as well as the age increments in relative ratings of interpersonal well-being among older U.S. respondents. With this analysis, we were thus able to find the expected cultural difference by avoiding the rating bias in which Americans tended to score higher than Japanese respondents on most eudaimonic scales.}

Purpose in life

Items for this scale assess the degree to which individuals feel their lives have meaning, direction, and goals to live for. This was the only aspect of eudaimonic well-being in which there was not a main effect of cultural context in the raw score analyses; that is, adults in both contexts had similar average ratings. A significant main effect of age (F_{(1, 2795)} = 5.50, p< .001, ? 2 =.01) revealed that the two younger age groups had significantly higher scores than the oldest age groups.

The same age effect was also evident with the ipsatized analysis (F_{(3, 2796)} le mie fonti = , p< .001, ? 2 =.02), showing that in both cultural contexts the two younger age groups rated their purpose in life as significantly higher, relative to the overall well-being, than the two older age groups.

Self-Desired

Items for this scale assess the extent to which individuals feel generally positive about themselves and their past lives as well as accepting of their own limitations.Continue reading→